雅思考试中,长难句拆解是提升阅读、听力理解能力以及写作、口语表达准确性的关键技能。长难句通常包含复杂修饰成分、多层从句或隐含逻辑关系,通过系统拆解可化繁为简。以下是具体方法与实战技巧:
一、长难句拆解的核心原则
抓主干,去修饰
主干:句子的核心结构(主语+谓语+宾语),通常表达主要意思。
修饰成分:定语从句、状语从句、插入语、分词结构等,用于补充细节或逻辑关系。
目标:先理解主干,再逐步分析修饰成分。
识别句子类型
简单句:单一主谓结构(如“The study reveals a trend.”)。
复合句:含从句(如“The study, which was conducted over 10 years, reveals a trend.”)。
复杂句:多层嵌套(如“The study, which was conducted by a team of researchers, who analyzed data from 20 countries, reveals a trend that contradicts previous findings.”)。
二、长难句拆解的5步法
步骤1:找谓语动词,定位主干
方法:
快速扫描句子,标出所有谓语动词(如“reveals”“analyzed”“contradicts”)。
主干通常包含第 一个谓语动词及其前后主宾成分。
示例:
“The report, which was published last week, highlights the urgent need for policy reform due to rising environmental concerns.”
主干:The report highlights the urgent need(主语+谓语+宾语)。
步骤2:划分从句,明确修饰对象
常见从句类型:
定语从句:以“which/that/who/where/when”引导,修饰名词(如“the report which was published last week”)。
状语从句:以“because/although/if”等引导,表示原因、让步、条件等(如“due to rising environmental concerns”可视为原因状语)。
同位语从句:对名词进一步解释(如“the fact that pollution is increasing”)。
方法:
用括号标出从句,并标注其修饰的名词或句子成分。
示例:
“Scientists who specialize in climate change argue that the data, which was collected over 20 years, shows a significant warming trend.”
定语从句1:who specialize in climate change(修饰“Scientists”)。
定语从句2:which was collected over 20 years(修饰“the data”)。
同位语从句:that the data...shows a trend(解释“argue”的内容)。
步骤3:简化分词结构与插入语
分词结构:
现在分词(-ing)或过去分词(-ed)作定语或状语(如“Running daily, he improved his health.” → “He improved his health because he runs daily.”)。
插入语:
逗号隔开的补充说明(如“The study, according to researchers, proves the hypothesis.” → 忽略插入语后:“The study proves the hypothesis.”)。
方法:
将分词结构转换为从句,或直接忽略插入语理解主干。
步骤4:分析逻辑关系词
常见逻辑词:
转折:but, however, although
因果:because, therefore, thus
并列:and, or, not only...but also...
条件:if, unless, provided that
方法:
标注逻辑词,明确句子各部分间的关系(如“Although the data is limited, the conclusion remains valid.”中,“although”提示让步关系)。
步骤5:整合信息,复述句意
方法:
用简单句重新组织信息,确保逻辑连贯。
示例:
Original: “The policy, which was proposed by the government last year, aimed at reducing carbon emissions, has faced criticism from environmental groups due to its lack of enforcement mechanisms.”
拆解后:
主干:The policy has faced criticism.
修饰:
定语从句:which was proposed by the government last year(政策提出时间)。
分词结构:aimed at reducing carbon emissions(政策目的)。
原因状语:due to its lack of enforcement mechanisms(批评原因)。
复述:The policy proposed last year to reduce carbon emissions has been criticized by environmental groups because it lacks enforcement mechanisms.
三、实战技巧与训练方法
每日一句拆解练习
从雅思阅读真题中摘抄长难句,按上述步骤拆解并复述。
示例:
“While some argue that the rise in automation will lead to job losses, others contend that it will create new opportunities in fields such as artificial intelligence and data analysis, which require advanced technical skills.”
拆解:
主干:Some argue..., others contend...(对比两种观点)。
定语从句:which require advanced technical skills(修饰“fields”)。
利用符号辅助分析
用不同符号标记句子成分(如括号标从句、下划线标主干、波浪线标逻辑词)。
示例:
“The report, [which was released by the UN (in 2020)], suggests [that immediate action is needed (to mitigate climate change)], although some governments remain skeptical.”
结合上下文理解
长难句的意义常依赖段落主题。拆解后需回归原文,确认修饰成分与主旨的关联。
示例:
若段落讨论“气候变化政策”,则“which require advanced technical skills”可能暗示政策对劳动力技能的要求。
针对性强化薄弱点
若定语从句理解困难,可专项练习识别“which/that/who”引导的句子。
若逻辑关系混乱,可整理雅思高频逻辑词(如“however”“therefore”)的用法。
四、常见误区与避坑指南
误区1:过度关注生词
问题:因个别单词卡顿而放弃整句理解。
解决:先根据上下文猜测词义,或跳过生词拆解结构(如“The phenomenon, which is rare in this region, caused widespread concern.”中,“phenomenon”不影响主干理解)。
误区2:忽略句子层次
问题:将多层嵌套句子视为单一结构,导致信息遗漏。
解决:用括号分层标注,如:
“The study [(1) which analyzed data from 50 countries] found [(2) that air pollution levels [(3) which were highest in urban areas] correlated with respiratory diseases].”
误区3:机械翻译
问题:逐词翻译导致句意扭曲(如“The cat which chased the mouse ran quickly.”译为“猫哪只追老鼠跑快”)。
解决:先拆解结构,再按中文习惯重组(如“追老鼠的猫跑得很快”)。
通过系统拆解长难句,可显著提升雅思阅读速度(从每句1分钟缩短至20秒)和听力信息抓取能力,同时为写作和口语提供更准的语法支持。坚持每日练习10分钟,2-3周即可见效。
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